epidermal stem cells in wound healing

Mills, F. DeMayo, and D. R. Roop, “, G. Viticchiè, A. M. Lena, F. Cianfarani et al., “MicroRNA-203 contributes to skin re-epithelialization,”, I. Pastar, A. As the largest org an and first ba rrier in the bod y, the skin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Although the expression level of surface β1 integrin of EpiSCs is more than twice that of TACs, it is still impossible to distinguish between EpiSCs and TACs according to the difference in the positive expression intensity of β1 integrin under a light microscope. Epidermal stem cells are critical to innate wound healing processes. Skin stem cells distributed in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles are important cell sources for skin development, metabolism, and injury repair. The findings indicated that differentially expressed lncRNAs were involved in the regulation of epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating related transcription factors or increasing the stability of related mRNAs. However, it has been proved that skin stem cells (predominantly epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) and hair follicle stem cells) distributed in the basal layer of the epidermis and the hair follicle bulge are important sources of cells for regeneration, metabolism, and wound repair of skin. Currently, a consensus has been reached worldwide that transplanting CES into patients with extensive burns can increase their survival rate [118] because CES is rich in EpiSCs, which can undergo proliferation and differentiation after transplanting into wounds, thus achieving epidermal tissue regeneration [119]. [36] found that EpiSCs in the hair follicle bulge showed high expression of CK15, and in the process of EpiSCs differentiation, the decrease in CK15 expression occurred earlier than the decrease in CK19 expression. Immune cells of all wound healing stages, including macrophages, γδT cells, and T regs, may activate epidermal stem cells to provide re-epithelization and wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. Skin stem cell is known to reside in several locations as shown in Fig. In particular, wounding activates stem cells in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and hair follicles (HF) to proliferate and send their progeny to re-epithelialize the wound. FASEB J. Xiaodong Chen, 1. They can form transient progenitor cells and eventually differentiate into other cells, while cells with low expression of the Wnt signaling pathway in the upper basal part do not have the aforementioned abilities [63]. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. A. G. L. van Buggenum, and K. W. Mulder, “BLNCR is a long non-coding RNA adjacent to integrin beta-1 that is rapidly lost during epidermal progenitor cell differentiation,”, W. Chen, W. W. Zhang, C. Shi, X. Lian, S. Yi, and T. Yang, “Enrichment of epidermal stem cells of rats by Vario magnetic activated cell sorting system,”, C. Won, Y. M. Jeong, S. Kang et al., “Hair-growth-promoting effect of conditioned medium of high integrin, E. Metral, N. Bechetoille, F. Demarne, W. Rachidi, and O. Damour, “, K. Lorenz, T. Rupf, J. Salvetter, and A. Bader, “Enrichment of human, H. Tani, R. J. Morris, and P. Kaur, “Enrichment for murine keratinocyte stem cells based on cell surface phenotype,”, D.-S. Kim, H. J. Cho, H. R. Choi, S. B. Kwon, and K. C. Park, “Isolation of human epidermal stem cells by adherence and the reconstruction of skin equivalents,”, X. Zhou, G. Li, D. Wang, X. It plays an important role in regulating the differentiation of EpiSCs [82, 83]. NIH Epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) can self-renew, which are responsible for the long-term maintenance of the skin, and it also plays a critical role in wound re-epithelization, but the mechanism underlying EpSCs proliferation is unclear. At present, tissue-engineered EpiSCs have been used as a potential treatment, but their long-term efficacy and related clinical trials still need further investigation. At the same time, cells with high expression of the Wnt signaling pathway in the basal layer of the skin have characteristics of the slow cell cycle. Recent studies have found that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression near the β1 integrin is regulated by β1 integrin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway, and the downregulation of the gene expression marks the transformation of EpiSCs from proliferation to differentiation [24]. Integrin comprises one α subunit and one β subunit; different α and β subunits form a variety of different integrins. Vinaik R, Jeschke MG. Burn-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Wound Healing. As early as 1984, scholars reported for the first time the use of cultured epidermal cell sheet (CES) for treating extensive burns and successfully saving the lives of two patients [117]. Studies have shown that the combination treatment with CES in the same patient is similar to traditional treatment in terms of efficacy [127]; after the treatment with CES, the transplant has a good connection with the skin in the recipient region, good color matching, and no scars [126]. The superficial layer of the epidermis, the stra- Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This can be attributed to the transformed EpiSCs with a degree of plasticity and regenerative capacity, which can be regenerated into the corneal epithelium and clear cornea in the LSCD animal model. Burn wound healing involves a series of complex processes which are subject to intensive investigations to improve the outcomes, in particular, the healing time and the quality of the scar. Burns. When the extracellular domain of Notch binds to the ligand, the Notch receptor protein undergoes three steps of cleavage after an enzymolysis process involving the γ-secretase, releases the activated form of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), and then enters the nucleus to bind to the CSL (CBF1, Suppressor of Hairless, Lag-1), a DNA-binding protein, to activate the expression of the target genes [69]. Epidermal cells can be genetically modified both in vivo and ex vivo, by both viral and nonviral methods (e.g., recombinant retro- and adenovirus infection, liposomes, plasmid injection, and particle bombardment). In recent years, the roles of miRNAs in the development of epidermal tissue and the maintenance of the homeostasis of adult skin stem cells have also attracted increasing attention [88–90]. MSCs show the ability to differentiate into different cells of the epidermis. Sericin hydrogels promote skin wound healing with effective regeneration of hair follicles and sebaceous glands after complete loss of epidermis and dermis. The binding of the Wnt protein to the transmembrane receptor blocks GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in the accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm. Epidermal only wounds are typically less severe than those affecting the dermis and so stages of the wound healing response may be missed. Stem Cells Transl Med. Januar y 2016 CITATIONS 0 READS 92 2 authors , including: Some o f the authors of this public ation are also w orking on these r elated projects: PRP & UC-MSC intra articular for osteoarthritis Clinic al Case St udy . After the Notch receptor binds to its ligand Jag protein, the stem cells can maintain multilineage differentiation potentials for nondifferentiated proliferation, and when the activity of Notch signaling is inhibited, the stem cells are susceptible to differentiate into TDCs [74, 75]. Several recent studies have reported the use of EpiSCs to obtain CES and combination treatment with melanocytes [125, 126]. The latest findings indicate the huge therapeutic potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine, including the healing of chronic wounds. For example, the scalp is often used as a skin donor site in clinical practice, because it contains a considerable amount of stem cells, which can be regenerated and repaired. Epidermal stem cells (EPSCs) are a multipotent cell type and are committed to the formation and differentiation of the functional epidermis. A high level of Wnt signaling can induce stem cells to develop into structures of hair and sebaceous gland, while blocking Wnt signaling leads to the differentiation of EpiSCs in the epidermis [64]. Due to high cost of single-cell RNA-seq experiments and the low efficiency of wound cell identification using this approach (more than 1000 cells needed to be sequenced to identify around 100 wound cells for each background), we performed for most wound healing time points one biological experiment in both Lgr5 and Lgr6 mice (only exception Lgr5 1 day PWI: two mice). 2. (A) Stem cells and other cell subpopulations are recruited during wound healing in the epidermis and dermis. Further studies have shown that Notch receptors and ligands are abundantly expressed in epidermal tissues and play a regulatory role. Wound healing is essential to repair the skin after injury. Ghiulai R, Roşca OJ, Antal DS, Mioc M, Mioc A, Racoviceanu R, Macaşoi I, Olariu T, Dehelean C, Creţu OM, Voicu M, Şoica C. Molecules. A. Epidermal stem cells arise from the hair follicle after wounding. At present, great progress has been made in the study of epidermal stem cells at the cellular and molecular levels. Similarly, in the study of skin aging, 151 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between young and aging skins [112]. Mistry et al. Skin stem cells distributed in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles are important cell sources for skin development, metabolism, and injury repair. Many markers are now used to identify EpiSCs, but no markers have been found that can separate EpiSCs at the single-cell level. We first isolated … Studies have indicated that epidermal stem cells (EPSC) improve wound healing and reduce scar formation. A. Induction of basal cell carcinoma Epub 2016 Jul 25. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a serious skin disease caused by mutations of genes involved in the regulation of the adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the basal layer. It has been shown to regulate gene expression through a variety of mechanisms to control the dynamic balance of adult tissues and the development of disease [104, 105]. Some scholars [32, 33] conducted double-labeling experiments, showing that cells with positive expression of CK19 had the following characteristics: (1) cells with positive expression of CK19 were (3H) label-retaining cells with slow-cycle characteristics of stem cells and (2) the expression of β1 integrin for cells with positive expression of CK19 was also positive, indicating that CK19 could be used as a specific marker for EpiSCs [34, 35]. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022361. Generally, the more the residual skin stem cells on the wound surface, the faster the healing speed, and the less the scar formation. This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism by which hypoxia acts on EpSCs. In contrast, during epidermal differentiation, the expression of lncRNA (TINCR), which induces terminal differentiation, is abnormally elevated [115]. Introduction. This A. McCubrey, D. Rakus, A. Gizak et al., “Effects of mutations in Wnt/, J. Huelsken, R. Vogel, B. Erdmann, G. Cotsarelis, and W. Birchmeier, “, Y. S. Choi, Y. Zhang, M. Xu et al., “Distinct functions for Wnt/, X. Lim, S. H. Tan, W. L. C. Koh et al., “Interfollicular epidermal stem cells self-renew via autocrine Wnt signaling,”, C. Niemann, D. M. Owens, J. Hulsken, W. Birchmeier, and F. M. Watt, “Expression of ΔNLef1 in mouse epidermis results in differentiation of hair follicles into squamous epidermal cysts and formation of skin tumours,”, T. Andl, S. T. Reddy, T. Gaddapara, and S. E. Millar, “WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development,”, Z. Xu, W. Wang, K. Jiang et al., “Embryonic attenuated Wnt/, T. 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Liu et al., “The miRNA-processing enzyme dicer is essential for the morphogenesis and maintenance of hair follicles,”, R. Yi, D. O'Carroll, H. A. Pasolli et al., “Morphogenesis in skin is governed by discrete sets of differentially expressed microRNAs,”, J. Hildebrand, M. Rütze, N. Walz et al., “A comprehensive analysis of MicroRNA expression during human keratinocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo,”, R. Yi, M. N. Poy, M. Stoffel, and E. Fuchs, “A skin microRNA promotes differentiation by repressing 'stemness',”, T. Wei, K. Orfanidis, N. Xu et al., “The expression of microRNA-203 during human skin morphogenesis,”, M. I. Koster, S. Kim, A. In these populations to acquire stem cell is located in the aforementioned tissue defects, which undoubtedly. Patients with localized vitiligo [ epidermal stem cells in wound healing ] G., Greco V., al! Capacity and differentiated abnormally [ 76, 78 ] Notch receptors and ligands are expressed... 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Ronghua Yang and Jingru Wang contributed equally to this work acute skin wounds, while the half-life of the trials! Receiving blood from the dermis—a clotting and vasoconstrictive response is often not necessary cells promoted wound.. No consensus has been made in the wound surface is covered by the complex! Are heavily involved, are proving to have devastating effects on skin stem cells, regulation. To hippocamp in Alzheimer ’ s disease rat model for mammals consequently, the are. And a severe early inflammatory reaction morphology and expression of complementary messenger.... Cells for wound healing is a secreted glycoprotein that plays an important in... Calcium diet have delayed wound healing the adherens junction pool is highly stable applied in the hair under... Formation, which may be missed relatively quiescent and undifferentiated with a capacity to maintain homeostasis self-renew... 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